III.

Tributaries

The southern and south-western shorelines of the Caspian Sea are bordered by the Elburz and Greater Caucasus mountain ranges. The sea has numerous tributaries, notably the Volga (which forms an extensive delta), Ural, and Embi rivers, all of which flow into it from the north. Other tributaries include the Gorgan (Gurgan) and Atrek rivers, flowing from the east, and the Kura River, flowing from the west. The sea has no outlet. The Caspian Sea is linked to the Baltic, White, and Black seas by an extensive network of inland waterways, chief of which is the Volga. These waterways provide an outlet to northern Europe for the oil fields of Baku on the Abşeron Peninsula.