Sturm und Drang (German, “storm and stress”), German literary movement (c. 1765-1785) that arose in reaction to the excessive value placed by the Enlightenment on the intellect, reason and refined civilization. Stimulated by the ideas of the contemporary French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and under the direct influence of Johann Gottfried von Herder, certain youthful German writers began to emphasize, instead, subjective emotion and the spontaneity of the creative act. Elements of Sturm und Drang are found in works of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, notably the play Götz von Berlichingen (1773; trans. 1799), and the novel Die Leiden des jungen Werthers (1774; The Sorrows of Young Werther, 1779), and Friedrich von Schiller's plays, especially Die Räuber (1781; trans. 1800). The movement was a prelude to Romanticism.