III.

Places of Interest

A.

The Urban Landscape

According to tradition, Rome was founded in 753 bc on one of the Seven Hills—a term used for centuries to describe the Capitoline, Quirinal, Viminal, Esquiline, Caelian, Aventine, and Palatine hills surrounding the old community. Archaeological evidence indicates, however, that human settlement here dates from at least 1000 bc. The Capitoline Hill was long the seat of Rome's government, and the Palatine Hill was the site of such great buildings as the Palace of the Flavians, built by the Roman Emperor Domitian. As a result of construction through the centuries, most of the Seven Hills are now hardly distinguishable from the adjacent plain. Other hills of Rome include the Pincian (Pincio) and the Janiculum.

Rome today is easily divided into two regions: the inner city, within the Aurelian Wall, built in the late 3rd century ad to enclose the area around the Seven Hills; and the sprawling outer city, with its suburbs. The historical centre is a small area, situated almost entirely on the eastern (left) bank of the Tiber. The monuments of Rome's past greatness are, for the most part, within the historical centre. The street pattern of the city reflects its long and complex history. The Via del Corso traverses most of the historic centre from the Piazza Venezia, the geographic centre of Rome, to the Piazza del Popolo at the foot of Pincio Hill. Its use dates from the Middle Ages, when it was a racecourse. The monument to Victor Emmanuel II, the first king of united Italy, built between 1895 and 1911, forms part of the Piazza Venezia. Other thoroughfares, such as the Via Vittorio Veneto, which commemorates Italy's final victory in World War I and is at the heart of the tourist area, were designed and built since the late 19th century. One of the largest public parks in Rome, the Pincio Gardens, lies on Pincio Hill, north of the centre.

B.

Landmarks

Long a major city of Europe, Rome is today an unparalleled repository of monuments from all periods, from the Etruscan era to modern times. The period of Rome's early history, under Etruscan kings and under the Republic, is represented by relatively few relics; but the legacy of the following period, the Roman Empire, is extensive. Roman monuments range from the almost perfectly preserved Pantheon (founded 27 bc; rebuilt ad 118-128), considered one of the finest surviving temples of antiquity, to the impressive—although partly ruined—Colosseum (opened ad 80), a huge amphitheatre that was the scene of gladiatorial combats and other spectacles. Ancient city walls, triumphal arches, great public meeting places, churches, and palaces are all found in Rome. Foremost among these monuments are the Roman Forum and the Imperial Forum, ancient centres of commerce and religion; the Baths of Caracalla, built around ad 217 and now used as the setting for summer opera performances; the Catacombs, ancient tunnels beneath the city in which early Christians practised their religion and were buried; and the Castel Sant'Angelo, built as a mausoleum for the Roman Emperor Hadrian and converted into a fort in the Middle Ages. The basilica of St John Lateran, the Cathedral of Rome, was founded in the 4th century and substantially rebuilt in the 17th and 18th centuries; the basilica of St Paul Outside the Walls was built in the 4th century and reconstructed after being destroyed by fire in 1823; and the basilica of St Peter in Chains, founded in the 5th century, was rebuilt in the 15th century and contains the famous Michelangelo statue of Moses.

Other popular points of historical interest include the Piazza del Campidoglio, a square containing a bronze statue of Emperor Marcus Aurelius completed during the 2nd century ad; the Piazza Navona, a square with three fountains, including the Fountain of the Four Rivers by the Italian sculptor Gianlorenzo Bernini; the Trevi Fountain, an 18th-century Baroque fountain into which tourists traditionally toss coins and make a wish; and the Piazza di Spagna, where the famous Spanish Steps, built in the 18th century, ascend to the 15th-century church of the Trinità dei Monti. Perhaps the finest works of more modern times are the buildings erected for the 1960 Olympic Games, several of which were designed by one of Italy's leading contemporary architects, Pier Luigi Nervi.

Rome has been an urban settlement for more than 2,000 years, and although monuments of most periods of the city's history still stand, the destructive impact of pollution and of vibration from heavy traffic is gradually leading to increased efforts towards preservation, including restrictions on cars and commercial vehicles in the historic centre, which was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1980 (extended in 1990).

C.

Educational and Cultural Institutions

Rome is the site of Italy's largest institution of higher education, the University of Rome (1303), which in 1980 had approximately 150,000 students. The Independent International University of Social Studies in Rome (1945) is also here.

In part because of its extraordinary wealth of artworks, Rome is a world centre for training in the arts. Specialized schools of study in Rome include the Academy of Fine Arts, the National Academy of Dance, the National Academy of Dramatic Arts, the Santa Cecilia Conservatory of Music, and the Central Institute for the Restoration of Works of Art.

Rome plays a leading role in the creative and performing arts and in most other aspects of Italy's cultural life. Opera is performed in the Opera House, one of the country's best, and in summer at the Baths of Caracalla. The city also has some 20 theatres and 6 major concert halls, which offer a varied repertory outside the summer months.

The museums of the city deal with all aspects of the arts and sciences and are among the finest in the world. The oldest art collection in Rome, housed in the Capitoline Museum, was established in 1471 and contains exceptional antiquities. Among other Roman museums are the National Museum of the Villa Giulia, which has an outstanding collection of Etruscan and Roman art and is located in the mid-16th-century country house of Pope Julius III, and the Borghese Gallery, a museum of painting and sculpture housed in an early 17th-century palace. The National Roman Museum, designed by Michelangelo, features exhibits of Greek and Roman sculpture, including the Ludovisi Collection of antiquities. Important collections of art and decorative pieces can also be seen in some of the city's other palaces. Among these are the Farnese Palace, built between 1514 and 1589; the mid-15th century Venetian Palace, with a noted collection of small Renaissance bronzes; and the Palazzo Barberini, a 17th-century Baroque palace with a remarkable picture gallery.