Turkistan

Turkistan, also Turkestan, dry, mountainous region of Central Asia, extending from the Caspian Sea on the west to the Gobi on the east. The area is divided into three sections: Russian or Western Turkistan, which includes southern Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan; Chinese or Eastern Turkistan, which is separated from Western Turkistan by the Tian and Altai Mountains and comprises the Xinjiang Uygur (also spelt Sinkiang Uighur) Autonomous Region of China; and Afghan Turkistan, comprising the north-eastern part of Afghanistan.

The earliest inhabitants of Turkistan were an Iranian-speaking people. The Greeks occupied the region in the 4th century bc, following the conquest of the Persian Empire by Alexander the Great. Eastern Turkistan came under Chinese rule in the 2nd century bc, but was abandoned to the Persians after the fall of the Han dynasty in ad 220. In succeeding centuries Turkistan was subdued by various other Asian peoples, including the Mongol forces of Genghis Khan in the 13th century. In the 9th century Islam, which was introduced by invading Arabs, became the prevailing religion. China reconquered Eastern Turkistan in the 18th century and incorporated it into the province of Xinjiang in 1881.

Incursions were made into the western part of Turkistan by the Russians as early as the 16th century. The conquest of present Russian Turkistan, however, was not complete until the latter part of the 19th century. After the Russian Revolution, the Soviet republics of Bukhara and Khorezm and the autonomous republic of Turkistan were established in the region. These territories were redistributed between 1924 and 1936 into the present-day republics. Afghan Turkistan, which had been claimed by Russia, was ceded to Afghanistan by the Anglo-Russian Agreement of 1859.