Mafia

Mafia, name for an open-ended association of criminal groups, sometimes bound by a blood oath and sworn to secrecy. The Mafia first developed in Sicily in feudal times to protect the estates of absentee landlords. By the 19th century it had become a network of criminal bands that dominated the Sicilian countryside. The members were bound by omertà, a rigid code of conduct that included avoiding all contact and cooperation with the authorities. The Mafia had neither a centralized organization nor a hierarchy; it consisted of many small groups, each autonomous within its own district. By employing terrorist methods against the peasant electorate, the Mafia attained political office in several communities, thus acquiring influence with the police and obtaining legal access to weapons.

The Fascist government of Benito Mussolini succeeded for a time in suppressing the Mafia, but the organization emerged again after World War II. Over the next 30 years the Mafia became a power not only in Sicily but all over Italy as well. The Italian government began an anti-Mafia campaign in the early 1980s, leading not only to a number of arrests and sensational trials, but also to the assassination of several key law-enforcement officials in retaliation. Public outrage was tempered by the arrest in 1993 of the reputed Mafia leader, Salvatore Riina, and his alleged successor Bernardo Provenzano was arrested in 2006.

Beginning in the late 19th century, some members of the Mafia emigrated to the United States. They soon became entrenched in American organized crime, especially in the 1920s during Prohibition. After the repeal of Prohibition in 1933 put an end to most bootlegging, the Mafia moved into other areas, such as gambling, protection, prostitution, and, in recent years, illicit drugs. Links with the Italian Mafia were also maintained. As in Italy, prosecution of reputed Mafia leaders in the United States increased in the 1980s and 1990s.