Odessa

Odessa (also Odesa), city in south central Ukraine, capital of Odessa administrative region. Located on the Black Sea, the city is the chief trading and fishing port of the country, its harbour kept open in winter by ice-breakers. It also is a major industrial city, rail junction, and cultural centre and, with its mild climate, a popular resort. Products of the city include refined petroleum, processed food, fertilizers, chemicals, plastics, pharmaceuticals, machinery, and clothing. Institutions of higher learning include a university, polytechnic and medical schools, a marine academy, and a music conservatory. The city has several museums and theatres, and an opera house.

A colony from ancient Greece may have once occupied the site of the city, and Crimean Tatars traded there in the 14th century. Odessa itself was founded in 1794 as a Russian naval fortress on territory annexed from Turkey in 1792. By the early 19th century the Russian settlement had become an important grain-exporting port. During the Crimean War, Odessa was bombarded by joint French and British naval forces. In 1905 the city was the site of a workers' uprising, supported by the crew of the Russian battleship Potemkin. Odessa suffered heavy damage during World War II, when it was occupied from 1941 to 1944 by German and Romanian forces; many civilians were killed by the occupying armies. Population 989,468 (2005 estimate).