Armenia

I

Introduction

Armenia, historic region of western Asia, which in ancient times was an independent country comprising southern Caucasia and north-eastern Asia Minor. The south-western part of the region now belongs to Turkey, the south-eastern part to Iran, and the north-western part to Armenia. The region is a complex of plateaux traversed by mountain ranges; the highest point is Mount Ararat (Agri Mountain) (5,165 m/16,946 ft). It is drained by the headwaters of the Euphrates, Tigris, and Aras rivers; the principal lakes are Van, Orūmīyeh, and Sevan. Armenia has a generally healthy climate that varies between the subtropical and subtemperate. Sections of the region, especially the river valleys, are highly arable and contain rich vineyards and orchards. The high tablelands are chiefly pastoral. Armenia contains a variety of mineral deposits. In the area within the Republic of Armenia, the mineral and agricultural resources are intensively exploited, but Turkish and Iranian Armenia are poorly developed.

The geographical origins of the Armenians are obscure, but ethnologically they are classified as Caucasoid, and linguistically as Indo-European. According to some authorities, their ancestors include the aboriginal people of the region; the Chaldeans, who occupied it late in the 2nd millennium bc; and later invaders. The majority of modern Armenians dwell in the region, with the remainder scattered throughout Asia, Europe, and the United States, especially California.

The valley of the Araxes (now Aras) River and the plateau around Lake Van was the dominion, from about 1270 to 850 bc, of a kingdom, sometimes called Van, but known in nearby Assyria as Urartu (Hebrew, Ararat).

II

Persian Conquest

The name Armenia first appeared in the Behistun Inscription of Darius I, king of Persia about 521 bc. In 612 bc Armenia was conquered by Media, which ruled it until 549 bc. Cyrus the Great, king of Persia and founder of the Persian Empire, seized the country in 549 bc, whereupon it became a satrapy (see Satrap) of Persia. Some years after the death (323 bc) of Alexander the Great, who had conquered Persia, Armenia became independent. Antiochus III, king of Syria, conquered it in 212 bc and divided it into two satrapies under Armenian princes. These satrapies were independent kingdoms from 190 bc until 94 bc, when Tigranes the Great, king of Armenia, reunited them under his rule. Tigranes conquered parts of Asia Minor and Mesopotamia, but was beaten by the Romans in 69 bc. As a result, Armenia became a satellite of Rome.

In the struggles between Rome and the Parthians, who had become masters of Persia, Armenia remained neutral and autonomous whenever possible. When the Sasanian Persians overthrew the Parthians in the 3rd century ad, they seized Armenia, but the Arsacid king Tiridates III, with the aid of the Roman emperor Diocletian, liberated the country. Tiridates was converted to Christianity in 303 and established a state Church some 20 years before the Roman emperor Constantine made Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire.

III

Christian Armenia

As a centre of Christianity, Armenia opposed the Zoroastrian Persians after the 4th century. The conquest of Persia by the Arabs in 642 was followed by their control of Armenia. In 653, however, the Arab caliphate chose an Armenian prince to administer the country, designating him patrician of Armenia. In time the patricians became virtual kings, and in 886 the Bagratuni dynasty re-established the Armenian kingdom, and ruled the country during the 9th and 10th centuries. Many churches and vast irrigation works survive from that era.

The major enemies of medieval Armenia were the Byzantine Empire and the Seljuks, who overran the country in the 11th century. Constant warfare drove many Armenians to seek homes elsewhere; one group founded a kingdom called Lesser Armenia, which included the ancient region of Cilicia, in 1082; it lasted until 1375.

IV

A Country Divided

About 1240 Armenia was invaded by the Mongols, who ruled it until the early 15th century. A period of confusion, during which Iran for a short time controlled Armenia, ended when the Ottoman Empire conquered most of the region in the 16th century. Thereafter it suffered ceaseless warfare between the Ottomans and Iran. The Armenians remaining in the Iranian-controlled part were removed to another part of the country early in the 17th century, while those in the Turkish part, after the fall of Constantinople in 1453, were reorganized under the leadership of an Armenian bishop. They were given a large degree of religious, cultural, and political autonomy. Yet, Russian conquests in Caucasia in the 19th century were welcomed by the Armenians. After the Russians captured part of the region in 1828-1829, most Armenians moved into the Russian-conquered area. At first the Russians welcomed them, possibly hoping that a friendly attitude would make the Armenians in Turkey their allies in the event of further hostilities.